The association between modifiable lifestyle behaviour in Latin-American schoolchildren with abdominal obesity and excess weight. A comparison of Chile and Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine the association of lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet [MD] adherence, physical activity [PA], screen time [ST]) and fitness with abdominal obesity (AO) and excess weight in the Chilean and Colombian schoolchildren. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: This cross-sectional study included 969 schoolchildren, girls (n=441, 5.24±0.80 years old) and boys (n=528, 5.10±0.78 years old) from Chile (n=611) and Colombia (n=358). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), MD adherence, PA, ST and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were evaluated. The association of AO and anthropometric variables with lifestyle was estimated through multiple linear regression. To determine the association between AO and lifestyle, a logistic regression and the inclusion of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. RESULTS: Worse CRF in Chilean children were positively correlated with WC. Excess weight in Chilean and Colombian children was positively associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. In Chilean children unhealthy lifestyle was also associated with AO based on WC≥85th percentile and AO based on WtHR≥85th percentile. In Chilean children, excess weight (BMI≥85th percentile) was positively associated with poor MD adherence. CONCLUSION: AO and excess weight were associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in Latin-American schoolchildren. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of AO should include promoting healthier lifestyle choices (i.e., increasing PA after school, reducing ST and improving CRF).

The social and psychological health of children is associated with Mediterranean diet adherence items, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lifestyle / La salud social y psicológica de los niños está asociada a los ítems de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y el estilo de vida

Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, physical activity (PA) patterns, and physical fitness are associated with physical, social, and psychological health in children. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the association of items of MD adherence, fitness components, and lifestyle with psychological and social health in Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: this cross-sectional study included 615 schoolchildren, both girls (n = 271, 11.7 ± 1.00 years old) and boys (n = 344, 11.8 ± 1.1 years old). Anthropometric parameters, fitness components, lifestyle, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-esteem were measured. Results: HRQoL showed an association with cardiorespiratory fitness (β: 0.12, p < 0.001) and PA (β: 0.32, p = 0.023). Self-esteem was inversely associated with screen time (β: -1.35, p < 0.001). Moreover, social health presented a positive association with PA after school (β: 0.06, p = 0.037). In relation to MD adherence items, HRQoL was linked to the items “Takes a fruit or fruit juice every day” (β: 1.93, p = 0.004) and “Consumes fresh or cooked vegetables > 1 time/day” (β: 1.12, p = 0.018). Self-esteem was associated to “Consumes a dairy product > 1 time/day” (β: 3.30, p = 0.030). Social health was inversely related to “Eats at a fast food restaurant ≥ 1 time/week” (β: -0.26, p = 0.003) and positively to “Consumes pasta or rice almost every day” (β: 0.35, p = 0.049). Conclusion: MD adherence items, fitness, and lifestyle were linked to psychological and social health, therefore it is necessary to develop preventive strategies for schoolchildren to change in a positive way these modifiable lifestyle behaviors. (AU)

Antecedentes: la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), los patrones de actividad física (AF) y la condición física están asociados a la salud física, social y psicológica de los niños. Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre ítems de adherencia a la DM, componentes de la condición física y el estilo de vida con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó a 615 escolares, niñas (n = 271, 11,7 ± 1,00 años) y niños (n = 344, 11,8 ± 1,1 años). Se midieron parámetros antropométricos, componentes de la condición física, estilo de vida, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y autoestima. Resultados: la CVRS mostró asociación con la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (β: 0,12, p < 0,001) y la PA (β: 0,32, p = 0,023). La autoestima, por su parte, se relacionó de manera inversa con el tiempo frente a la pantalla (β: -1,35, p < 0,001). Además, la salud social presentó una asociación positiva con la AF después de la escuela (β: 0,06, p = 0,037). En relación a los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la CVRS se vinculó a los ítems “Toma una fruta o jugo de fruta todos los días” (β: 1,93, p = 0,004) y “Consume verduras frescas o cocidas > 1 vez/día” (β: 1,12, p = 0,018). La autoestima se asoció a “Consume un producto lácteo > 1 vez/día” (β: 3,30, p = 0,030). La salud social se vinculó inversamente con “Come en un restaurante de comida rápida ≥ 1 vez/semana” (β: -0,26, p = 0,003) y positivamente con “Consume pasta o arroz casi todos los días” (β: 0,35, p = 0,049). Conclusión: los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la condición física y el estilo de vida se relacionaron con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares, por lo que es necesario desarrollar estrategias preventivas para modificar de manera positiva estas conductas de estilo de vida modificables. (AU)

The social and psychological health of children is associated with Mediterranean diet adherence items, cardiorespiratory fitness, and lifestyle.

INTRODUCTION: Background: Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, physical activity (PA) patterns, and physical fitness are associated with physical, social, and psychological health in children. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the association of items of MD adherence, fitness components, and lifestyle with psychological and social health in Chilean schoolchildren. Material and methods: this cross-sectional study included 615 schoolchildren, both girls (n = 271, 11.7 ± 1.00 years old) and boys (n = 344, 11.8 ± 1.1 years old). Anthropometric parameters, fitness components, lifestyle, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-esteem were measured. Results: HRQoL showed an association with cardiorespiratory fitness (ß: 0.12, p < 0.001) and PA (ß: 0.32, p = 0.023). Self-esteem was inversely associated with screen time (ß: -1.35, p < 0.001). Moreover, social health presented a positive association with PA after school (ß: 0.06, p = 0.037). In relation to MD adherence items, HRQoL was linked to the items "Takes a fruit or fruit juice every day" (ß: 1.93, p = 0.004) and "Consumes fresh or cooked vegetables ˃ 1 time/day" (ß: 1.12, p = 0.018). Self-esteem was associated to "Consumes a dairy product ˃ 1 time/day" (ß: 3.30, p = 0.030). Social health was inversely related to "Eats at a fast food restaurant ≥ 1 time/week" (ß: -0.26, p = 0.003) and positively to "Consumes pasta or rice almost every day" (ß: 0.35, p = 0.049). Conclusion: MD adherence items, fitness, and lifestyle were linked to psychological and social health, therefore it is necessary to develop preventive strategies for schoolchildren to change in a positive way these modifiable lifestyle behaviors.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), los patrones de actividad física (AF) y la condición física están asociados a la salud física, social y psicológica de los niños. Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre ítems de adherencia a la DM, componentes de la condición física y el estilo de vida con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares chilenos. Material y métodos: este estudio transversal incluyó a 615 escolares, niñas (n = 271, 11,7 ± 1,00 años) y niños (n = 344, 11,8 ± 1,1 años). Se midieron parámetros antropométricos, componentes de la condición física, estilo de vida, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y autoestima. Resultados: la CVRS mostró asociación con la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (ß: 0,12, p < 0,001) y la PA (ß: 0,32, p = 0,023). La autoestima, por su parte, se relacionó de manera inversa con el tiempo frente a la pantalla (ß: -1,35, p < 0,001). Además, la salud social presentó una asociación positiva con la AF después de la escuela (ß: 0,06, p = 0,037). En relación a los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la CVRS se vinculó a los ítems "Toma una fruta o jugo de fruta todos los días" (ß: 1,93, p = 0,004) y "Consume verduras frescas o cocidas ˃ 1 vez/día" (ß: 1,12, p = 0,018). La autoestima se asoció a "Consume un producto lácteo ˃ 1 vez/día" (ß: 3,30, p = 0,030). La salud social se vinculó inversamente con "Come en un restaurante de comida rápida ≥ 1 vez/semana" (ß: -0,26, p = 0,003) y positivamente con "Consume pasta o arroz casi todos los días" (ß: 0,35, p = 0,049). Conclusión: los ítems de adherencia a la DM, la condición física y el estilo de vida se relacionaron con la salud psicológica y social de los escolares, por lo que es necesario desarrollar estrategias preventivas para modificar de manera positiva estas conductas de estilo de vida modificables.

The association between modifiable lifestyle behaviour in Latin-American schoolchildren with abdominal obesity and excess weight. A comparison of Chile and Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to determine the association of lifestyle (i.e., Mediterranean diet [MD] adherence, physical activity [PA], screen time [ST]) and fitness with abdominal obesity (AO) and excess weight in the Chilean and Colombian schoolchildren. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: This cross-sectional study included 969 schoolchildren, girls (n=441, 5.24±0.80 years old) and boys (n=528, 5.10±0.78 years old) from Chile (n=611) and Colombia (n=358). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), MD adherence, PA, ST and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were evaluated. The association of AO and anthropometric variables with lifestyle was estimated through multiple linear regression. To determine the association between AO and lifestyle, a logistic regression and the inclusion of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used. RESULTS: Worse CRF in Chilean children were positively correlated with WC. Excess weight in Chilean and Colombian children was positively associated with an unhealthy lifestyle. In Chilean children unhealthy lifestyle was also associated with AO based on WC≥85th percentile and AO based on WtHR≥85th percentile. In Chilean children, excess weight (BMI≥85th percentile) was positively associated with poor MD adherence. CONCLUSION: AO and excess weight were associated with an unhealthy lifestyle in Latin-American schoolchildren. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of AO should include promoting healthier lifestyle choices (i.e., increasing PA after school, reducing ST and improving CRF).

Lifestyle associated with physical fitness related to health and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren / Estilo de vida asociado con la condición física relacionada con la salud y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en escolares chilenos

BACKGROUND: Excessive screen time (ST) and lower physical activity (PA) patterns have been reported to have an impact on cardiometabolic risk (CMR); however, their impact on physical fitness needs in-depth study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between lifestyle (i.e. ST and PA after school) with physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension) in Chilean schoolchildren. METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study comprised 263 girls (11.87±0.83 years) and 319 boys (12.02±0.88 years). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), CMR (WtHR≥0.5), body fat (BF), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), physical fitness, ST (h/day), and PA after school (h/week) were evaluated. RESULTS: Schoolchildren with good lifestyle had a lower BMI, WC, and WtHR (P<0.001) as well as a better VO2max (P<0.001) and standing long jump test (SLJ) (P=0.002). The schoolchildren with bad lifestyle had the highest proportion of students with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5) (30.6%, P=0.009) and hypertension. (40.9%, P<0.001). Likewise, PA after school (β; −0.02, P=0.002) and cardiorespiratory fitness (β; −0.02, P=0.002) adjusted by age and sex reported inverse associations with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5). Likewise, ST presented a positive association with SBP (β; 0.14, P=0.030). Moreover, handgrip strength (β; −0.17, P=0.010) and SLJ (β; −0.05, P=0.023) reported inverse associations with SBP. CONCLUSION: In schoolchildren, a bad lifestyle was associated with low physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension)

ANTECEDENTES: Se ha informado que el tiempo de pantalla (TP) excesivo y los patrones de actividad física (AF) más bajos tienen un impacto en el riesgo cardiometabólico (RCM); sin embargo, su impacto en la aptitud física necesita un estudio en profundidad. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el estilo de vida (es decir, TP y AF después de la escuela) con la condición física relacionada con la salud y el RCM (es decir, obesidad abdominal e hipertensión) en escolares chilenos. MÉTODOS: La muestra para este estudio transversal comprendió 263 niñas (11,87± 0,83 años) y 319 niños (12,02±0,88 años). Se evaluó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), la relación cintura/altura (RCE), el RCM (RCE≥0,5), la grasa corporal (GC), la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y la diastólica (PAD), la condición física, el TP (h/día) y la AF después de la escuela (h/semana). RESULTADOS: Los escolares con hábitos saludables de vida tenían un IMC, una CC y una RCE más bajos (p < 0,001), así como un mejor VO2 máx (p < 0,001) y prueba de salto de longitud (SLJ) (p = 0,002). Los escolares con malos hábitos de vida tenían la mayor proporción de estudiantes con obesidad abdominal (RCE≥0,5) (30,6%, p = 0,009) e hipertensión (40,9%, p < 0,001). Asimismo, la AF después de la escuela (β; −0,02, p = 0,002) y el CRF (β; −0,02, p = 0,002) ajustados por edad y sexo se asociaron de forma inversa con la obesidad abdominal (RCE≥0,5). Asimismo, el TP presentó una asociación positiva con la PAS (β; 0,14, p = 0,030). Además, la fuerza de prensión (β; −0,17, p = 0,010) y SLJ (β; −0,05, p = 0,023) mostró una relación inversa con la PAS. CONCLUSIÓN: En los escolares, el estilo de vida malo se asoció con una baja aptitud física relacionada con la salud y la RCM (es decir, obesidad abdominal e hipertensión)

Lifestyle associated with physical fitness related to health and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Excessive screen time (ST) and lower physical activity (PA) patterns have been reported to have an impact on cardiometabolic risk (CMR); however, their impact on physical fitness needs in-depth study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between lifestyle (i.e. ST and PA after school) with physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension) in Chilean schoolchildren. METHODS: The sample for this cross-sectional study comprised 263 girls (11.87±0.83 years) and 319 boys (12.02±0.88 years). The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), CMR (WtHR≥0.5), body fat (BF), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), physical fitness, ST (h/day), and PA after school (h/week) were evaluated. RESULTS: Schoolchildren with good lifestyle had a lower BMI, WC, and WtHR (P<0.001) as well as a better VO2max (P<0.001) and standing long jump test (SLJ) (P=0.002). The schoolchildren with bad lifestyle had the highest proportion of students with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5) (30.6%, P=0.009) and hypertension. (40.9%, P<0.001). Likewise, PA after school (ß; -0.02, P=0.002) and cardiorespiratory fitness (ß; -0.02, P=0.002) adjusted by age and sex reported inverse associations with abdominal obesity (WtHR≥0.5). Likewise, ST presented a positive association with SBP (ß; 0.14, P=0.030). Moreover, handgrip strength (ß; -0.17, P=0.010) and SLJ (ß; -0.05, P=0.023) reported inverse associations with SBP. CONCLUSION: In schoolchildren, a bad lifestyle was associated with low physical fitness related to health and CMR (i.e. abdominal obesity and hypertension).